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Phytoplasma Resource
Center
By The
Molecular
Plant
Pathology Laboratory (MPPL)
Grapevine Diseases
Grapevine Yellows
Grapevine yellows (GY) is a term that is used to refer to any of several grapevine diseases that are currently attributed to infection of grapevine plants by pathogens known as phytoplasmas (formerly termed mycoplasmalike organisms, MLOs). (Prior to the 1970s, GY diseases were believed to be caused by viruses.)
Several grapevine yellows diseases.
Grapevine yellows diseases include flavescence dorée, Palatinate grapevine yellows, and bois noir (black wood, legno nero),
reported in southern Europe and the Mediterranean region; North American grapevine yellows (Virginia grapevine yellows I, Virginia grapevine yellows III, New York grapevine yellows, and grapevine yellows in Canada); Australian grapevine yellows in Australia and New Zealand and Buckland Valley grapevine yellows in Australia; and grapevine yellows diseases that have been reported in other regions including South Africa and Chile.
GY and phytoplasma classification.
Although the symptoms are very similar among the different grapevine yellows diseases, available scientific data indicate that several different species of phytoplasmas are responsible for these diseases. The different grapevine yellows phytoplasmas are classified as members of specific 16S rDNA RFLP groups (based on finger printing of DNA) (iPhyClassifier) and/or as strains related to specific 'Candidatus Phytoplasma' species.
'Candidatus Phytoplasma species.
Phytoplasmas are classified in class Mollicutes, cell wall-less bacteria. To name (give a formal Latin binomial name to) a new species of Mollicutes (mycoplasma), it is required to determine and describe properties of the mycoplasma during its growth in pure culture.
Phytoplasmas cannot be obtained in pure culture in the laboratory, so it has not been possible to determine the characteristics that are used formally to name (assign a Latin binomial to) phytoplasmas species.
Therefore, the convention of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma' species has been adopted to distinguish distinct phytoplasmas from one another.
Designation of a new/distinct 'Candidatus Phytoplasma' species is based on the nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene. (iPhyClassifier)
Diversity of grapevine yellows phytoplasmas
Flavescence dorée:
Attributed to 'Candidatus Phytoplasma vitis'-related strains, members of 16S rDNA RFLP group V (the elm yellows phytoplasmas group). Alder yellows and Palatinate grapevine yellows diseases in Europe are also attributed to 'Ca. Phytoplasma vitis'- related strains. (References)
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German Palatinate grapevine yellows:
Recent evidence indicates that the German Palatinate grapevine yellows phytoplasma is related
to alder-infecting strains and is a member of the flavescence dorée phytoplasma phylogenetic subclade. (References)
Bois noir:
Attributed to 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani'-related strains; these strains have been classified in group 16SrXII (the stolbur phytoplasmas group) subgroup A (formerly called subgroup 16SrI-G). (References)
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A partially characterized phytoplasma strain probably belonging to group 16SrXII (stolbur phytoplasma group) has been reported in cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) exhibiting leaf rolling and red coloration and in papaya with Nivun-Haamir-die back disease in Israel. Available data suggest a possibility that this phytoplasma might be distinct from those of the group 16SrXII phytoplasmas (specifically stolbur phytoplasma and 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense') that are associated with bois noir and Australian grapevine yellows, respectively. (References)
Other phytoplasmas infecting grapevines in Europe:
Phytoplasmas that infect grapevines in Europe include the flavescence dorée and bois noir phytoplasmas, as noted above, as well as phytoplasmas classified in subgroups 16SrI-A and 16SrI-B ('Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris'-related strains). (References)
North American grapevine yellows (NAGY):
The term, North American grapevine yellows, is sometimes applied in reference to any (or all) of the grapevine yellows diseases that have been reported in the U.S. and Canada. (References)
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Virginia grapevine yellows I (VGYI):
Associated with 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris'-related strains, members of group 16SrI (the aster yellows phytoplasmas group). (References)
Virginia grapevine yellows III (VGYIII):
Associated with 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni'-related strains, members of group 16SrIII (the peach X-disease phytoplasmas group). (References)
New York grapevine yellows:
Associated with a phytoplasma that reportedly shares some serological relatedness to the flavescence dorée phytoplasmas. As of this writing, the phytoplasma (or phytoplasmas) infecting grapevines in New York State have not yet been classified through analysis of 16S rRNA genes; thus, the group and subgroup affiliations, and relatedness of such phytoplasma(s) to specific 'Candidatus Phytoplasma' species, are currently unresolved. (References)
Grapevine yellows in Canada:
A grapevine yellows disease associated with infection of grapevine plants by 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris'-related strains classified in subgroup 16SrI-A (tomato big bud subgroup) was reported in several provinces in Canada. (References)
Australian grapevine yellows:
Attributed to 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense'-related strains; these strains have been classified in group 16SrXII, subgroup B.
'Ca. Phytoplasma australiense'-related strains are also the apparent cause of Phormium (flax) yellow leaf, strawberry lethal yellows, lucerne (alfalfa) yellows, pumpkin yellow leaf curl, and sudden decline of cabbage tree, and papaya die-back in New Zealand and Australia. (References)
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Grapevine yellowing and red coloration in Israel:
A 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense'-related strains has been reported in grapevine and papaya in Israel. (References)
Buckland Valley grapevine yellows, Australia:
The Buckland Valley grapevine yellows phytoplasma has been classified in a new 16S rRNA RFLP group, group 16SrXXIII. Accordingly, this phytoplasma represents a potentially new 'Candidatus Phytoplasma' species that has not yet been so named. (References)
Grapevine yellows in South Africa:
Reportedly associated with infection of grapevine plants by phytoplasmas strain(s) related to aster yellows phytoplasmas ('Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris'). (References)
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Grapevine yellows in Chile:
Reportedly associated with infection of grapevine plants by phytoplasma strains related to groups 16SrI ('Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris'-related strains), 16SrVII ('Candidatus Phytoplasma fraxini'-related strains, ash yellows phytoplasma-related strains), and 16SrXII ('Candidatus Phytoplasma solani'-related strains, stolbur phytoplasma-related strains). (References)
Spread of grapevine yellows diseases
Grapevine yellows phytoplasmas are spread by insects (insect vectors) that feed in the phloem tissues of grapevines. The insects ingest phytoplasma cells during feeding on phytoplasma-infected plants; the phytoplasma cells invade tissues of the insect and multiply in the body of the insect. Eventually, some phytoplasma cells reach the insect's salivary glands and become incorporated into the insect's saliva. When the insect later feeds on a healthy grapevine, the insect injects saliva containing phytoplasma cells, into the phloem of the grapevine, thereby inoculating the grapevine plant.
Different species of insects spread the phytoplasmas that are the apparent causes of the different grapevine yellows diseases.
Flavescence dorée, spread:
A major vector of flavescence dorée is the leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus (= S. littoralis). The leafhopper Dictyophara europaea has been shown to transmit the flavescence dorée phytoplasma from clematis plants to grapevine. Euscelidius variegates is an experimental laboratory vector of flavescence dorée. (References)
Palatinate grapevine yellows, spread:
Palatinate grapevine yellows phytoplasma is reportedly spread by the leafhopper Oncopsis alni, which feeds primarily on alder (Alnus glutinosa), a reservoir host of the phytoplasma. (References)
Bois noir, spread:
A prominent vector of bois noir is the leafhopper Hyalesthes obsoletus.
The leafhopper Reptalus panzeri has been reported to transmit the stolbur (bois noir) phytoplasma to wheat (Triticum aesvetium) and to maize (Zea mays), the latter developing the disease known as maize redness in Serbia, Romania, and Bulgaria. (References)
Grapevine yellows diseases associated with subgroup 16SrI-B strains in Europe, spread:
Four leafhopper species have been reported capable of transmitting a subgroup 16SrI-B phytoplasma strain (a 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris'-related strain) to grapevine. The species were Euscelidius variegates, Euscelis incisus, Macrosteles quadripunctulatus, and Scaphoideus titanus. (References)
North American grapevine yellows (NAGY), spread:
The insect vector(s) of North American grapevine yellows (including Virginia grapevine yellows VGYI and VGYIII and New York grapevine yellows) have not been reported, but potential insect vectors have been researched in Virginia and New York. (References)
Australian grapevine yellows, spread:
Possible vectors of Australian grapevine yellows include Oliarius atkinsoni and Orosius argentatus. (References)
Other grapevine yellows diseases, spread:
Insect vectors responsible for spreading the other noted grapevine yellows diseases have not yet been reported.
-- Robert E. Davis
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NOTE:
'Candidatus Phytoplasma vitis', 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' and 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni' have not been formally named, and their mention here does not constitute prior citation.
IRPCM Phytoplasma/Spiroplasma Working Team -- Phytoplasma Taxonomy Group. 2004. 'Candidatus Phytoplasma', a taxon for the wall-less, non-helical prokaryotes that colonize plant phloem and insects. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54:1243-1255.
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References:
Flavescence dorée
1964
Caudwell, A. 1964. Identification et étude d'une nouvelle maladie á virus de la vigne, la flavescence dorée. Annales des Epiphyties 15:193.
1969
Schwester D., Carle P., and Moutous G. 1969. Nouvelles données sur la transmission de la flavescence dorée de la vigne par Scaphoideus littoralis Ball. Annales de Zoologie et Ecologie Animale 1:445-465.
1971
Caudwell A., Larrue J., Kuzsala C., and Bachelier J.C. 1971. Pluralité des jaunisses de la vigne. Annales de Phytopathologie 3:95-105.
1973
Belli G., Fortusini A., Osler R., and Amici, A. 1973. Presence of flavescence dorée-like symptoms in the vineyards of Oltrepépavese. Rivista di Patologia Vegetale 9:50-56.
1985
Caudwell A. and Dalmasso A. 1985. Epidemiology and vectors of grapevine viruses and yellows diseases. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 24:170-176.
1989
Boudon-Padieu E., Larrue J., and Caudwel, A. 1989. ELISA and dot-blot detection of flavescence dorée MLO in individual leafhopper vectors during latency and inoculative state. Current Microbiology 19:357-364.
Vidano C., Arzone A., Alma A., and Arno, C. 1989. [Grapevine golden flavescence and Auchenorrhyncha that are probable vectors of its pathogenic agent in Piemont]. Annali della Facolta di Scienze Agrarie della Università degli Studi di Torino 15:29-37.
1990
Caudwell, A., Larrue J., Valat C., and S. Grenan S. 1990. Les traitements à l'eau chaude des bois de vigne atteints de la Flavescence dorée (Hot water treatment of grapevine shoots infected with flavescence dorée). Progr. Agric. Vitic. 107:281-286.
1991
Arzone A., Alma A., Patetta A., and Bosco D. 1991. Golden flavescence MLO in plant and vector. Pages 184-192; in I. C. Rumbos, R. Bovey, D. Gonsalves, W. B. Hewitt, and G. P. Martelli (ed.), Proceedings of the 10th Meeting of the International Council for the Study of Viruses and Virus Diseases of the Grapevine (ICVG). Volos, Greece
Caudwell A., Larrue J., Valat C., and Grenan S. 1991. Hot water treatments against flavescence dorée of grapevine on dormant wood Pages 336-343; in I.C.Rumbos, R. Bovey, D. Gonsalves, W. B. Hewitt, and G. P. Martelli (eds.), Proceedings of the 10th Meeting of the International Council for the Study of Viruses and Virus Diseases of the Grapevine (ICVG). Volos, Greece.
1992
Daire X., Boudon-Padieu E., Berville A., Schneider B., and Caudwell A. 1992. Cloned DNA probes for detection of grapevine flavescence dorée mycoplasma-like organism (MLO). Annals of Applied Biology 121:95-103.
Prince J.P., Davis R.E., Mogen B.D., Dally E.L., Lee I.-M., Caudwell A., Boudon-Padieu E., di Terlizzi B., Savino V., Barba M., Bertaccini A., Osler R., and Carraro L. 1992. Detection and differentiation of European grapevine yellows MLOs using the polymerase chain reaction. Phytopathology 82:1170.
Refatti E., Osler R., Carraro L., and Pavan F. 1992. Natural spread of a flavescence dorée-like disease in north-east Italy. Proceedings of the 10th Meeting of ICVG. Volos, Greece.
1993
Daire X., Clair D., Larrue J., Boudon-Padieu E., and Caudwell A. 1993. Diversity among mycoplasma-like organisms inducing grapevine yellows in France. Vitis 32:159-163.
Davis R.E., Dally E.L., Bertaccini A., Lee I.M., Credi R., Osler R., Savino V., Carrao L., Di Terlizzi B., and Barba M. 1993. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and dot hybridizations distinguish MLOs associated with flavescence dorée and southern European grapevine yellows in Italy.Phytopathology 83:772-776.
Kuszala C., Cazelles O., Boulud J., Credi R., Granata G., Kriel G., Magarey P., Magnien C., Pearson R.C., Refatti E., Tanne E., and Caudwell A. 1993. [Contribution to the study of grapevine yellows in the world. A specific ELISA survey for the MLO associated with flavescence dorée]. Agronomie 13:929-933.
Osler R., Carraro L., Loi N., and Refatti E. 1993. Symptom expression and disease occurrence of a yellows disease of grapevine in northeastern Italy. Plant Disease 77:496-498.
Prince J.P., Davis R.E., Wolf T.K., Lee I.-M., Mogen B.D., Dally E.L., Bertaccini A., Credi R., and Barba M. 1993. Molecular detection of diverse mycoplasmalike organisms (MLOs) associated with grapevine yellows and their classification with aster yellows, X-disease, and elm yellows MLOs. Phytopathology 83:1130-1137.
1994
Bianco P.A., Davis R.E., Prince J.P., Fortusini A., Casati P., and Belli G. 1994. Elm yellows and aster yellows MLOs associated with a grapevine yellows disease very similar to Flavescence dorée in Northern Italy. International Organization of Mycoplasmology (IOM) Letters 3:251-252.
1996
Alma A., Davis R.E., Vibio M., Danielli A., Bosco D., Arzone A., and Bertaccini A. 1996. Mixed infection of grapevines in northern Italy by phytoplasmas including 16S rRNA RFLP subgroup 16SrI-B strains previously unreported in this host. Plant Disease 80:418-421.
2001
Davis R.E. and Dally E.L. 2001. Revised subgroup classification of group 16SrV phytoplasmas and placement of flavescence dorée-associated phytoplasmas in two distinct subgroups. Plant Disease 85:790-797.
2003
Angelini E., Negrisolo E., Clair D., Borgo M., and Boudon-Padieu E. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships among Flavescence dorée strains and related phytoplasmas determined by heteroduplex mobility assay and sequence of ribosomal and nonribosomal DNA. Plant Pathology 52:663-672.
2004
Kuzmanovic, S., Martini, M., Ferrini, F., Ermacora, P., Starovic, M., Tosic, M., and Osler, R., 2004. Stolbur and Flavescence dorée phytoplasmas present in grapevine in Serbia. Proceedings V Congress of Plant Protection, Zlatibor, Serbia, November 22-26, 2004:139.
2006
Gugerli P., Besse S., Colombi L., Ramel M.-E., Rigotti S., and Cazelles E. 2006. First outbreak of Flavescence dorée (FD) in Swiss vineyards. Extended abstracts 15th Meeting ICVG, Stellenbosch, South Africa,3-7 April 2006.
2007
Arnaud G., Malembic-Maher S., Salar P., Bonnet P., Maixner M., Marcone C., Boudon-Padieu E., and Foissac X. 2007. Multilocus sequence typing confirms the close genetic interrelatedness of three distinct flavescence dorée phytoplasma strain clusters and group 16SrV phytoplasmas infecting grapevine and alder in Europe. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73:4001-4010.
2009
Filippin L., Jovic J., Cvrkovic T., Forte V., Clair D., Tosevski I., Boudon-Padieu E., Borgo M., and Angelini E. 2009. Molecular characteristics of phytoplasmas associated with Flavescence dorée in clematis and grapevine and preliminary results on the role of Dictyophara europaea as a vector. Plant Pathology 58:826-837.
Palatinate grapevine yellows
2007
Arnaud G., Malembic-Maher S., Salar P., Bonnet P., Maixner M., Marcone C., Boudon-Padieu E., and Foissac X. 2007. Multilocus sequence typing confirms the close genetic interrelatedness of three distinct flavescence dorée phytoplasma strain clusters and group 16SrV phytoplasmas infecting grapevine and alder in Europe. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73:4001-4010.
Bois noir
1992
Davis R.E., Prince J.P., Hammond R.E., Lee I.-M., Bertaccini A., and Credi R. 1992. Detection of Italian periwinkle virescence mycoplasmalike organism (MLO) and evidence of its relatedness with aster yellows MLOs based on polymerase chain reaction amplification of DNA. Petria, 2:184-193.
Prince J.P., Davis R.E., Mogen B.D., Dally E.L., Lee I.-M., Caudwell A., Boudon-Padieu E., di Terlizzi B., Savino V., Barba M., Bertaccini A., Osler R., and Carraro L. 1992. Detection and differentiation of European grapevine yellows MLOs using the polymerase chain reaction. Phytopathology 82:1170.
1993
Bertaccini A., Davis R.E., Vibio M., Prince J.P., and Credi R. 1993. Detection and characterization of mycoplasmalike organism (MLO) DNA in naturally infected grapevine cultivars in Emilia-Romagna, Italy: polymerase chain reaction and restriction analyses. 11th Meeting of ICVG, Montreux 1993:88-89.
Bianco P.A., Davis R.E., Prince J.P., Lee I.-M., Gundersen D.E., Fortusini A., and Belli G. 1993. Double and single infections by aster yellows and elm yellows MLOs in grapevines with symptoms characteristic of Flavescence dorée. Rivista di Patologia Vegetale (S.V) 3:69-82.
Daire X., Clair D., Larrue J., Boudon-Padieu E., Alma A., Arzone A., Carraro L., Osler R., Refatti E., Granata G., Credi R., Tanne E., Pearson R.C., and Caudwell A. 1993. Occurrence of diverse MLOs in tissues of grapevine affected by grapevine yellows in different countries. Vitis 32:247-248.
Daire X., Clair D., Larrue J., Boudon-Padieu E., and Caudwell A. 1993. Diversity among mycoplasmalike organisms inducing grapevine yellows in France. Vitis 32:159-163.
Davis R.E. and Prince J.P. 1993. Grapevine yellows diseases: diverse etiologies indicated by new DNA-based methods for pathogen detection and identification -- implications for epidemiology. Extended Abstracts, 11th Meeting of ICVG, Montreux 1993:93-94.
Davis R.E., Bertaccini A., and Lee I.M. 1993. Biotechnological techniques in detection and differentiation of mycoplasmalike organisms isolated from naturally infected grapevines with symptoms of European yellows diseases. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 32:86.
Davis R.E., Bertaccini A., Prince J.P., and Vibio M. 1993. Infection in grapevines in Emilia-Romagna by mycoplasmalike organisms (MLOs) related to Italian periwinkle virescence MLO, evidence from enzymatic amplification of MLO DNA. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 32:149-152.
Davis R. E., Dally E. L., Bertaccini A., Credi R., Osler R., Savino V., Carraro L., Di Terlizzi B., Lee I.-M., Barba M. 1993. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses and dot blot hybridization distinguish mycoplasmalike organisms associated with Flavescence dorée and Southern European grapevine yellows disease in Italy. Phytopathology 83:772-776.
Prince, J. P., R. E. Davis, T. K. Wolf, I-M. Lee, B. D. Mogen, E. D. Dally, A. Bertaccini, R. Credi, and M. Barba. 1993. Molecular detection of diverse mycoplasmlike organisms (MLOs) associated with grapevine yellows and their classification with aster yellow, X-disease, and elm yellows phytoplasmas. Phytopathology 83:1130-1137.
1994
Di Terlizzi B., Castellano M.A., Alma A., and Savino V. 1994. Present status of grapevine yellows in Apulia. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 33:125-131.
1995
Batlle A., Larrue J., Clari D., Daire X., Boudon-Padieu E., and Laviña A. 1995. [Identification of the phytoplasma associated with bois noir in Spain]. Phytoma-España 68:40-44.
1996
Alma A., Davis R.E., Vibio M., Danielli A., Bosco D., Arzone A., and Bertaccini A. 1996. Mixed infection of grapevines in northern Italy by phytoplasmas including 16S rRNA RFLP subgroup 16SrI-B strains previously unreported in this host. Plant Disease 80:418-421.
1997
Daire X., Clair D., Larrue J., Boudon-Padieu E. 1997. Survey for grapevine yellows phytoplasmas in diverse European countries and Israel. Vitis 36:53-54
Davis R.E., Dally E.L., Tanne E., and Rumbos I.C. 1997. Phytoplasmas associated with grapevine yellows in Israel and Greece belong to the stolbur phytoplasma subgroup, 16SrXII-A. Journal of Plant Pathology 79:181-187.
1998
Škorić D., Šarić A., Vibio M., Murari E., Krajačić M., and Bertaccini A. 1998. Molecular identification and seasonal monitoring of phytoplasmas infecting Croatian grapevines. Vitis 37: 171-175
2000
Šeruga M., Ćurković Perica M.,Škorić D., Kozina B., Mirošević N., Šarić A., Bertaccini A., and Krajačić M. 2000. Geographic distribution of Bois Noir phytoplasmas infecting grapevines in Croatia. Journal of Phytopathology 148: 239-242
2004
Duduk B., Botti S., Ivanovich M., Krstic B., Dukic N., and Bertaccini A. 2004. Identification of Phytoplasmas Associated with Grapevine Yellows in Serbia. Journal of Phytopathology 152:575-579.
Kuzmanovic, S., Martini, M., Ferrini, F., Ermacora, P., Starovic, M., Tosic, M., Osler, R., 2004. Stolbur and Flavescence dorée phytoplasmas present in grapevine in Serbia. Proceedings V Congress of Plant Protection, Zlatibor, Serbia, November 22-26, 2004:139.
Petrovic, N., Boben, J., and Ravnikar, M. 2004. Laboratory testing of grapevine yellows in Slovenia indicates a widespread presence of Bois noir. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 83:313-321.
Grapevine leaf rolling and red coloration and Papaya Nivun-Haamir-dieback
2005
Gera A., Mawassi M., Zeidan M., Spiegel S., and Bar-Joseph M. 2005. An isolate of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense' group associated with Nivun-Haamir-die back disease in papaya in Israel. BSPP New Disease Reports 11:15.
Other phytoplasmas infecting grapevines in Europe
1994
Bianco, P.A., R.E. Davis, J.P. Prince, A. Fortusini, P. Casati, and G. Belli. 1994. Elm yellows and aster yellows MLOs associated with a grapevine yellows disease very similar to Flavescence dorée in Northern Italy. International Organization for Mycoplasmology (IOM) Letters 3:251-252.
1996
Alma A., Davis R.E., Vibio M., Danielli A., Bosco D., Arzone A., and Bertaccini A. 1996. Mixed infection of grapevines in northern Italy by phytoplasmas including 16S rRNA RFLP subgroup 16SrI-B strains previously unreported in this host. Plant Disease 80:418-421.
Virginia grapevine yellows I (VGYI)
1993
Prince J.P., Davis R.E., Wolf T.K., Lee I.-M., Mogen B.D., Dally E.L., Bertaccini A., Credi R., and Barba M. 1993. Molecular detection of diverse mycoplasmalike organisms (MLOs) associated with grapevine yellows and their classification with aster yellows, X-disease, and elm yellows MLOs. Phytopathology 83:1130-1137.
Prince J.P., Davis R.E., Wolf T.K., Lee I.-M., Mogen B.D., and Dally E.L. 1993. Molecular detection and identification of a mycoplasmalike organism (MLO) in naturally diseased Chardonnay grapevine in Virginia. Phytopathology 83:696.
Wolf T.K., Prince J.P., and Davis R.E. 1993. Incidence of a grapevine yellows disease in Virginia vineyards. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 44:474.
1994
Davis, R.E. and J.P. Prince. 1994. Molecular diagnosis of mycoplasmalike organisms (MLOs) in plants. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 48:23-26.
Prince J., Davis R.E., Wolf T.K., Lee I.-M., and Dally E.L. 1994. Genomic diversity and possible wild plant sources of mycoplasmalike organisms (MLOs) infecting grapevines: implications for epidemiology. International Organization for Mycoplasmology (IOM) Letters 3:288-289.
Wolf T.K., Prince J.P., and Davis R.E. 1994. Occurrence of grapevine yellows in Virginia vineyards. Plant Disease 78:208.
1998
Davis R.E., Jomantiene R., Dally E.L., and Wolf T.K. 1998. Phytoplasmas associated with grapevine yellows in Virginia belong to group 16SrI, subgroup A (tomato big bud phytoplasma subgroup), and group 16SrIII, new subgroup I. Vitis 37:131-137.
2000
Wolf, T.K. 2000. Grapevine yellows research in Virginia. Wines & Vines October 1, 2000. http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/food-beverage-stores-beer-wine-liquor/682336-1.html
2006
Beanland L., Noble R., and Wolf T.K. 2006. Spatial and temporal distribution of North American grapevine yellows disease and of potential vectors of the causal phytoplasmas in Virginia. Environmental Entomology 35:332-344.
Virginia grapevine yellows III (VGYIII)
1993
Wolf T.K., Prince J.P., and Davis R.E. 1993. Incidence of a grapevine yellows disease in Virginia vineyards. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 44:474.
Prince, J.P., R.E. Davis, T.K. Wolf, I.-M. Lee, B.D. Mogen, and E.L. Dally. 1993. Molecular detection and identification of a mycoplasmalike organism (MLO) in naturally diseased Chardonnay grapevine in Virginia. Phytopathology 83:696.
Prince, J. P., R. E. Davis, T. K. Wolf, I-M. Lee, B. D. Mogen, E. D. Dally, A. Bertaccini, R. Credi, and M. Barba. 1993. Molecular detection of diverse mycoplasmlike organisms (MLOs) associated with grapevine yellows and their classification with aster yellow, X-disease, and elm yellows phytoplasmas. Phytopathology 83:1130-1137.
1994
Prince, J.P., Davis R.E., Wolf T.K., Lee I.-M., and Dally E.L. 1994. Genomic diversity and possible wild plant sources of mycoplasmalike organisms (MLOs) infecting grapevines: implications for epidemiology. International Organization of Mycoplasmology (IOM) Letters 3:288-289.
Wolf T.K., Prince J.P., and Davis R.E. 1994. Occurrence of grapevine yellows in Virginia vineyards. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 44:474.
Wolf T.K., Prince J.P., and Davis R.E.. 1994. Occurrence of grapevine yellows in Virginia vineyards. Plant Dis. 78:208.
1998
Davis R.E., Jomantiene R., Dally E.L., and Wolf T.K. 1998. Phytoplasmas associated with grapevine yellows in Virginia belong to group 16SrI, subgroup A (tomato big bud phytoplasma subgroup), and group 16SrIII, new subgroup I. Vitis 37:131-137.
2000
Wolf, T.K. 2000. Grapevine yellows research in Virginia. Wines & Vines October 1, 2000. http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/food-beverage-stores-beer-wine-liquor/682336-1.html
2006
Beanland L., Noble R., and Wolf T.K. 2006. Spatial and temporal distribution of North American grapevine yellows disease and of potential vectors of the causal phytoplasmas in Virginia. Environmental Entomology 35:332-344.
New York grapevine yellows
1977
Uyemoto J. K., Cummins J.R., and Abawi G.S. 1977. Virus and virus-like diseases affecting grapevine in New York vineyards. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 28:131-136.
1985
Pearson R.C., Pool R.M., Gonsalves D., and Goffinet M.C. 1985. Occurrence of flavescence dorée-like symptoms on 'White Riesling' grapevines in New York, U.S.A. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 24:82-87.
1991
Maixner, M. and Pearson R.C.. 1991. Studies on Scaphoideus titanus Ball, a possible vector of grapevine yellows in New York. Pages 193-201; in I. C. Rumbos, R. Bovey, D. Gonsalves, W. B. Hewitt, and G.P. Martelli (ed.), Proceedings of the 10th Meeting of the International Council for the Study of Viruses and Virus Diseases of the Grapevine (ICVG). Volos, Greece.
1993
Maixner M., Pearson R.C., Boudon-Padieu E., and Caudwell A. 1993. Scaphoideus titanus, a possible vector of grapevine yellows in New York. Plant Disease 77:408-413.
Chen K.H., Guo J.R., Wu X.Y., Loi N., Carraro L., Guo Y.H., Chen Y.D., Osler R., Pearson R., and Chen T.A. 1993. Comparison of monoclonal antibodies, DNA probes, and PCR for detection of the grapevine yellows disease agent. Phytopathology 83:915-922.
Grapevine yellows in Canada
2007
Rott, M., R. Johnson, C. Masters, and M. Green. 2007. First report of Bois Noir phytoplasma in grapevine in Canada. Plant Disease 91:1682.
2009
Olivier C.Y., Lowery D.T., Stobbs L.W., Vincent C., Galka B., Saquez J., Bittner L., Johnson R., Rott M., Masters C., and Green M. 2009. First report of aster yellow phytoplasmas ('Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris') in Canadian grapevines. Plant Disease 93:669.
Australian grapevine yellows
1986
Magaray P.A. and Wachtel M.F. 1986. Grapevine yellows, a widespread apparently new disease in Australia. Plant Disease 70:694.
1995
Padovan A.C., Gibb K.S., Bertaccini A., Vibio M., Bonfiglioli R.E., Magarey,P.A., and Sears B.B. 1995. Molecular detection of the Australian grapevine yellows phytoplasma and comparison with grapevine yellows phytoplasmas from Italy. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 1:25-31.
1996
Davis R.E., Dally E.L., Gundersen D.E., Lee I.-M., and Habili N. 1996. Australian grapevine yellows phytoplasma is representative of a new Candidatus subspecies level taxon. International Organization for Mycoplasmology (IOM) Letters 4:276-277.
Padovan A.C., Gibb K.S., Daire X., and Boudon-Padieu E. 1996. A comparison of the phytoplasma associated with Australian grapevine yellows to other phytoplasmas in grapevine. Vitis 35:189-194.
1997
Davis R.E., Dally E.L., Gundersen D.E., Lee I.-M., and Habili N. 1997. "Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense," a new phytoplasma taxon associated with Australian grapevine yellows. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 47:262-269. (http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/47/2/262)
1998
Andersen M.T., Longmore J., Liefting L.W., Wood G.A., Sutherland P.W., Beck D.L., and Forster R.L.S. 1998. Phormium yellow leaf phytoplasma is associated with strawberry lethal yellows disease in New Zealand. Plant Disease. 82:606-609.
2000
Padovan A., Gibb K., and Persley D. 2000. Association of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense' with green petal and lethal yellows diseases in strawberry. Plant Pathology 49:362-369.
2001
Andersen M.T., Beever R.E., Sutherland P.W., and Forster R.L.S. 2001. Association of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense' with sudden decline of cabbage tree in New Zealand. Plant Disease 85:462-469.
Padovan A. and Gibb K.S. 2001. Epidemiology of phytoplasma diseases in papaya in Northern Australia. Journal of Phytopathology 149:649-658.
2003
Constable F.E., Gibb K.S., and Symons R.H., 2003. Seasonal distribution of phytoplasmas in Australian grapevines. Plant Pathology 52:267-276.
2004
Beever R.E., Wood G.A., Andersen M.T., Pennycook S.R., Sutherland P.W., and Forster R.L.S. 2004. "Candidatus phytoplasma australiense" in Coprosma robusta in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 42:663-675.
Constable F.E., Jones J., Gibb K.S., Chalmers Y.M., and Symons R.H. 2004. The incidence distribution and expression of Australian grapevine yellows, restricted growth and late season curl diseases in selected Australian vineyards. Annals of Applied Biology 144:205-218.
Constable F.E. and Symons R.H. 2004. Genetic variability amongst isolates of Australian grapevine phytoplasmas. Australasian Plant Pathology 33:115-119.
2005
Streten C., Conde B., Herrington M., Moulden J., and Gibb K,S. 2005. 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense' is associated with pumpkin yellow leaf curl disease in Queensland, Western Australia and the Northern Territory. Australasian Plant Pathology 34:103-105.
2007
Getachew M.A., Mitchell A., Gurr G.M., Fletcher M.J., Pilkington L.J., and Nikandrow A. 2007. First report of a 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense' - related strain in lucerne in Australia. Plant Disease 91:111.
Buckland Valley grapevine yellows, Australia
2002
Constable F.E., Whiting J.R., Gibb K.S. and Symons R.H. 2002. A new grapevine yellows phytoplasma from the Buckland valley of Victoria Australia. Vitis, 41:147-153.
(http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=13946907)
2007
Wei W., Davis R.E., Lee I.-M., and Zhao Y. 2007. Computer-simulated RFLP analysis of 16S rRNA genes: identification of ten new phytoplasma groups. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57:1855-1867.
Grapevine yellows in South Africa
2010
Engelbrecht M., Joubert J., and Burger J.T. 2010. First report of aster yellows phytoplasma in grapevines in South Africa. Plant Disease 94:373. http://www.wynboer.co.za/recentarticles/200808aster.php3
Grapevine yellows in Chile
2004
Bertaccini A., Botti S., Fiore N., Gajardo A., and Montealegre J. 2004. Identification of a new phytoplasma infecting grapevine with yellows in Chile. 15th Congress of IOM July 2004, Athens Georgia, USA:63-64.
2003
Herrera G. and Madariaga M. 2003. Immunological, microscopical and molecular evidence of phytoplasma in grapes. Agricultura Tecnica 63:15-22.
2008
Matus J.T., Vega A., Loyola R., Serrano C., Cabrera S., and Arce-Johnson P. 2008. Phytoplasma and virus detection in commercial plantings of Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot exhibiting premature berry dehydration. Special Issue ISSN: 0717-3458. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 11(5):1-10.
2009
Gajardo A., Fiore N., Prodan S., Paltrinieri S., Botti S., Pino A.M., Zamorano A., Montealegre J., and Bertaccini A. 2009. Phytoplasmas associated with grapevine yellows disease in Chile. Plant Disease 93:789-796.
Spread of grapevine yellows diseases
Flavescence dorée, spread:
1961
Schvester D., Carle P., and Moutous G. 1961. Sur la transmission de la flavescence dorée des vignes par une cicadelle. Comptes Rendus de Séances de l'Académie d'Agriculture de France 47:1021-1024.
1964
Caudwell A. 1964. Identification et étude d'une nouvelle maladie à virus de la vigne, la flavescence dorée. Annales des Epiphytes 15 (hors-sér. 1), 193 pp.
1969
Belli G., Fortusini A., Osler R., and Amici, A. 1973. Presence of flavescence dorée-like symptoms in the vineyards of Oltrepépavese. Rivista di Patologia Vegetale 9:50-56.
Schwester D., Carle P., and Moutous G. 1969. Nouvelles données sur la transmission de la flavescence dorée de la vigne par Scaphoideus littoralis Ball. Annales de Zoologie et Ecologie Animale 1:445-465.
1971
Caudwell A., Larrue J., Kuzsala C., and Bachelier J.C. 1971. Pluralité des jaunisses de la vigne. Annales de Phytopathologie 3:95-105.
1985
Caudwell A. and Dalmasso A. 1985. Epidemiology and vectors of grapevine viruses and yellows diseases. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 24:170-176.
1987
Gabrijel S. 1987. Scaphoideus titanus Ball (= S. littoralis Ball) a new pest of grapevine in Yugoslavia. Zastita Bilja 38:349-357.
1989
Boudon-Padieu E., Larrue J., and Caudwell A. 1989. ELISA and dot-blot detection of flavescence dorée MLO in individual leafhopper vectors during latency and inoculative state. Current Microbiology 19:357-364.
1990
Caudwell, A. 1990. Epidemiology and characterization of flavescence dorée (FD) and other grapevine yellows. Agronomie 10:655-663.
1991
Maixner, M. and Pearson R.C.. 1991. Studies on Scaphoideus titanus Ball, a possible vector of grapevine yellows in New York. Pages 193-201; in I. C. Rumbos, R. Bovey, D. Gonsalves, W. B. Hewitt, and G.P. Martelli (ed.), Proceedings of the 10th Meeting of the International Council for the Study of Viruses and Virus Diseases of the Grapevine (ICVG). Volos, Greece.
1992
Arzone, A., Alma A., Arnò nC., and Bosco. 1992. Ricerca su flavescence dorée e auchenorrinchi probabili vettori del suo agente patogeno (Research on flavescence dorée and on the probable Auchenorrhyncha vectors of its pathogenic agent). Quaderni Piemonte Agricoltura 16:(3, suppl.):90-93.
1993
Bertaccini A., Arzone A., Alma A., and Vibio M. 1993. Detection of MLOs in Scaphoideus titanus reared on flavescence dorée-infected grapevine by dot hybridization using DNA probes. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 32:20-24.
Bianco P.A., Davis R.E., Prince J.P., Lee I.M., Gundersen D.E., Fortusini A., and Belli G. 1993. Double and single infections by aster yellows and elm yellows MLOs in grapevines with symptoms characteristic of flavescence dorée. Rivista di Patologia Vegetale 3:69-82.
Cazelles O. and Kuszala C. 1993. [Survey for grapevine yellows in Suisse romande and in Ticino and comparison with flavescence dorée by ELISA]. Revue Suisse de Viticulture, Arboriculture, Horticulture 25:257-259.
Lefol C., Caudwell A., Lherminier J., and Larrue J. 1993. Attachment of the flavescence dorée pathogen (MLO) to leafhopper vectors and other insects. Annals of Applied Biology 123:611-622.
Maixner M., Pearson R.C., Boudon-Padieu E., and Caudwell A. 1993. Scaphoideus titanus, a possible vector of grapevine yellows in New York. Plant Disease 77:408-413.
1994
Carraro L., Loi N., Kuszala C., Clair D., Boudon-Padieu E., and Refatti E. 1994. On the ability-inability of Scaphoideus titanus to transmit different grapevine yellow agents. Vitis 33:231-234.
Credi R. 1994. MLOs associated with a grapevine yellows disease occurring in Italy. Journal of Phytopathology 141:113-124.
Maixner M. 1994. Transmission of German grapevine yellows (Vergilbungskrankheit) by the planthopper Hyalesthes obsoletus. Vitis 33:103-104.
1995
Bertaccini A., Vibio M., and Stefani E. 1995. Detection and molecular characterization of phytoplasmas infecting grapevine in Liguria (Italy). Phytopathologia Mediterranea 34:137-141.
1999
Maixner M. and Reinert W. 1999. Oncopsis alni (Schrank) (Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae) as a vector of the alder yellows phytoplasma of Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 105:87-94.
2002
Mori N., Bressan A., Martini M., Guadagnini M., Girolami V., and Bertaccini A. 2002. Experimental transmission by Scaphoideus titanus Ball of two Flavescence dorée-type phytoplasmas. Vitis 41:99-102.
2004
Lessio F. and Alma A. 2004. Dispersal patterns and chromatic response of Scaphoideus titanus Ball (Homoptera Cicadellidae), vector of the phytoplasma agent of grapevine flavescence dorée. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 6:121-127.
2009
Filippin L., Jovic J., Cvrkovic T., Forte V., Clair D., Tosevski I., Boudon-Padieu E., Borgo M., and Angelini E. 2009. Molecular characteristics of phytoplasmas associated with Flavescence dorée in clematis and grapevine and preliminary results on the role of Dictyophara europaea as a vector. Plant Pathology 58:826-837.
Palatinate grapevine yellows, spread:
1999
Maixner M. and Reinert W. 1999. Oncopsis alni (Schrank) (Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae) as a vector of the alder yellows phytoplasma of Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. European Journal of Plant Pathology 105:87-94.
2000
Maixner M., Reinert W., and Darimont H. 2000. Transmission of an elm yellows group grapevine phytoplasma by Oncopsis alni. Proceedings of the 13th meeting of the international council for the study of viruses and virus-like disease of the grapevine, 12-17 March 2000, University of Adelaide and CSIRO, Adelaide, Australia.
Bois noir, spread:
1994
Credi R. 1994. MLOs associated with a grapevine yellows disease occurring in Italy. Journal of Phytopathology 141:113-120.
Maixner M. 1994. Transmission of German grapevine yellows (Vergilbungskrankheit) by the planthopper Hyalesthes obsoletus (Auchenorrhyncha: Cixiidae). Vitis 33:103-104.
2000
Guadagnini M., Mori N., Alberghini S., Carturan E., Girolami V., and Bertaccini A. 2000. Molecular evidence of phytoplasma transmission to grapevine by Metcalfa pruniosa (Say) in Italy. Proceedings of the 13th meeting of the international council for the study of viruses and virus-like disease of the grapevine, 12-17 March 2000, Adelaide, Australia.
2001
Gatineau F., Larrue J., Clair D., Lorton F., Richard-Molard M., and Boudon-Padieu E. 2001. A new natural planthopper vector of stolbur phytoplasma in the genus Pentastiridius (Hemipter:Cixiidae). European Journal of Plant Pathology 107:263-271.
Klein M., Weintraub P.G., Davidovich M., Kuznetsova L., Zahavi T., Ashanova A., Orenstein S., and Tanne E. 2001. Monitoring phytoplasma-bearing leafhoppers/ planthoppers in vineyards in the Golan Heights. Israel. Journal of Applied Entomology 125:19-23.
2003
Orenstein S., Zahavi T., Nestel D., Sharon R., Barkalifa M., and Weintraub P,G. 2003. Spatial dispersion patterns of potential leafhopper and planthopper (Homoptera) vectors of phytoplasma in wine vineyards. Annals of Applied Biology 142:341-348.
2009
Jovic J., Cvrkovic T., Mitrovic M., Krnjajic S., Petrovic A., Redinbaugh M.G., Pratt R.C., Hogenhout S.A., and Tosevski I. 2009. Stolbur phytoplasma transmission to maize by Reptalus panzeri and the disease cycle of maize redness in Serbia. Journal of Phytopathology 90:1053-1069.
North American grapevine yellows (NAGY), spread:
1990
Maixner, M. and Pearson R.C. 1990. Scaphoideus titanus Ball, a possible vector of grapevine yellows disease in New York. Phytopathology 80:1013.
1991
Maixner, M. and Pearson R.C.. 1991. Studies on Scaphoideus titanus Ball, a possible vector of grapevine yellows in New York. Pages 193-201; in I. C. Rumbos, R. Bovey, D. Gonsalves, W. B. Hewitt, and G.P. Martelli (ed.), Proceedings of the 10th Meeting of the International Council for the Study of Viruses and Virus Diseases of the Grapevine (ICVG). Volos, Greece.
2004
Wolf, T. 2004. Ecology of potential vectors of North American Grapevine Yellows. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 55(4):431A.
2006
Beanland L., Noble R., and Wolf T.K. 2006. Spatial and temporal distribution of North American grapevine yellows disease and of potential vectors of the causal phytoplasmas in Virginia. Environmental Entomology 35:332-344.
Australian grapevine yellows, spread:
1996
Padovan A., Gibb K.S., Daire X., and Boudon-Padieu E. 1996. A comparison of the phytoplasma associated with Australian grapevine yellows to other phytoplasmas in grapevine. Vitis 35:189-194.
2002
Magarey P.A., Fletcher M.J., Pilkington L.J., and Gurr G.M. 2002. Orosius argentatus and yanga bush: The missing links in Australian grapevine yellows? Australian Entomological Society 33rd AGM and Scientific Conference, Fremantle, Australia
2003
Magarey P.A., Fletcher M.J., Pilkington L.J., and Gurr G.M. 2003. Orosius argentatus and yanga bush: The missing links in Australian grapevine yellows? 8th International Congress of Plant Pathology, Christchurch, New Zealand. (http://www.biocontrol.ucr.edu/Pilkington/ccbcdisk_g000033.pdf)
Grapevine yellows diseases associated with subgroup 16SrI-B strains in Europe, spread:
2001
Alma A., Palermo S., Boccardo G., and Conti M. 2001. Transmission of Chrysanthemum yellows, a subgroup 16SrI-B phytoplasma, to grapevine by four leafhopper species. Journal of Plant Pathology 83:181-187.
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