Whole genome sequencing
Bai X, Zhang J, Ewingh A, Miller SA, Radek AJ, Schevchenko D, Tsukerman K, Walunas T, Lapidus A, Campbell JW & Hogenhout SA (2006) Living with genome instability: the adaptation of phytoplasmas to diverse environments of their insect and plant hosts. J Bacteriol 188: 3682-3696.

Oshima K, Kakizawa S, Nishigawa H, Jung, H-Y, Wei W, Suzuki S, Arashida R, Nakata D, Miyata S, Ugaki M & Namba S (2004) Reductive evolution suggested from the complete genome sequence of a plant-pathogenic phytoplasma. Nat Genet 36: 27-29.


Genome decay / host adaptation
Davis RE, Jomantiene R & Zhao Y (2005) Lineage-specific decay of folate biosynthesis genes suggests on-going host adaptation in phytoplasmas. DNA and Cell Biol 24: 832-840.

Davis RE, Jomantiene R, Zhao Y & Dally EL (2003) Folate biosynthesis pseudogenes, psi-folP and psi-folK, and an O-sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase gene homolog in the phytoplasma genome. DNA and Cell Biol 22: 697-706.


Genome architecture
Jomantiene R & Davis RE (2006) Clusters of diverse genes existing as multiple, sequence-variable mosaics in the phytoplasma genome. FEMS Microbiol Lett 255: 59-65.


Physical mapping
Firrao G, Smart CD, Kirkpatrick BC (1996) Physical map of the Western X-disease phytoplasma chromosome. J Bacteriol 178:3985-3988.

Lauer U, Seemuller E (2000) Physical map of the chromosome of the apple proliferation phytoplasma. J Bacteriol 182 (5):1415-1418.

Marcone C, Seemuller E (2001) A chromosome map of the European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma. Microbiology 147 (Pt 5):1213-1221.

Padovan AC, Firrao G, Schneider B, Gibb KS (2000) Chromosome mapping of the sweet potato little leaf phytoplasma reveals genome heterogeneity within the phytoplasmas. Microbiology. 146 ( Pt 4):893-902.


Genome survey sequencing
Cimerman A, Arnaud G & Foissac X (2006) Stolbur phytoplasma genome survey achieved using a suppression subtractive hybridization approach with high specificity. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:3274-83.

Liefting LW, Kirkpatrick BC (2003) Cosmid cloning and sample sequencing of the genome of the uncultivable mollicute, Western X-disease phytoplasma, using DNA purified by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 221:203-211.


Genome size
Marcone C, Neimark H, Ragozzino A, Lauer U & Seemüller E (1999) Chromosome sizes of phytoplasmas composing major phylogenetic groups and subgroups. Phytopathology 89: 805-810.


Phytoplasma plasmids / Extrachromosomal DNA
Kuboyama T, Huang CC, Lu X, Sawayanagi T, Kanazawa T, Kagami T, Matsuda I, Tsuchizaki T, Namba S (1998) A plasmid isolated from phytopathogenic onion yellows phytoplasma and its heterogeneity in the pathogenic phytoplasma mutant. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 11:1031-1037.

Liefting LW, Andersen MT, Lough TJ & Beever RE (2006) Comparative analysis of the plasmids from two isolates of "Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense". Plasmid 56:138-44.

Liefting LW, Shaw ME & Kirkpatrick BC (2004) Sequence analysis of two plasmids from the phytoplasma beet leafhopper-transmitted virescence agent. Microbiology 150:1809-1817.

Nakashima K & Hayashi T (1997) Sequence analysis of extrachromosomal DNA of sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma. Ann Phytopathol Soc Japan 63: 21-25.

Nishigawa H, Oshima K, Miyata S, Ugaki M, & Namba S (2003) Complete set of extrachromosomal DNAs from three pathogenic lines of onion yellows phytoplasma and use of PCR to differentiate each line. J Gen Plant Pathol 69: 194-198.

Nishigawa H, Oshima K, Kakizawa S, Jung HY, Kuboyama T, Miyata S, Ugaki M & Namba S (2002) A plasmid from a non-insect-transmissible line of a phytoplasma lacks two open reading frames that exist in the plasmid from the wild-type line. Gene 298:195-201.

Nishigawa H, Oshima K, Kakizawa S, Jung HY, Kuboyama T, Miyata S, Ugaki M & Namba S (2002) Evidence of intermolecular recombination between extrachromosomal DNAs in phytoplasma: a trigger for the biological diversity of phytoplasma? Microbiology 148 (Pt 5):1389-1396.

Oshima K, Kakizawa S, Nishigawa H, Kuboyama T, Miyata S, Ugaki M & Namba S (2001) A plasmid of phytoplasma encodes a unique replication protein having both plasmid- and virus-like domains: clue to viral ancestry or result of virus/plasmid recombination? Virology 285:270-277.

Rekab D, Carraro L, Schneider B, Seemüller E, Chen J, Chang C-J, Locci R & Firrao G (1999) Geminivirus-related extrachromosomal DNAs of the X-clade phytoplasmas share high sequence similarity. Microbiology 145: 1453-1459.

Tran-Nguyen LT & Gibb KS (2006) Extrachromosomal DNA isolated from tomato big bud and Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense phytoplasma strains. Plasmid 56:153-166.